The Ikarus 453 (P-453-MW) was an aircraft designed in 1952. It featured reverse gull wings to accommodate two Turbomeca Marbore II turbojet engines in the nacelles on the wing. In 1952 the first flight was conducted without engines fitted (in glide mode) but it crashed and the project was cancelled (the pilot survived the incident).
The Ikarus S-49 was a Yugoslav single-seat, single-engine fighter aircraft built for the Yugoslav Air Force (Serbo-Croatian: Ratno vazduhoplovstvo i protivvazdušna obrana – RV i PVO) shortly after World War II. Following the Tito–Stalin Split in 1948, the RV i PVO was left with an aircraft inventory consisting of mostly Soviet aircraft. Unable to acquire new aircraft or spare parts for its existing fleet, the RV i PVO turned to its domestic aviation industry in order to create an indigenous design to fulfill the need for additional aircraft.
The same constructors that built the Rogozarski IK-3 before the war, engineers Kosta Sivcev, Slobodan Zrnic and Svetozar Popovic, used existing technical documentation of the IK-3 to construct a new fighter aircraft, the Ikarus S-49.
The S-49A was of mixed construction, with Soviet built VK-105 engines which were no longer available after 1948. Therefore, it was decided to produce a new version of the aircraft powered by the similar French Hispano-Suiza 12Z-17 engine. Because of the bigger and heavier engine, the new aircraft had to be of all-metal construction with a much longer nose. While the aircraft was mainly built by Ikarus, the wings and tail were built by the SOKO factory in Mostar. The armament consisted of one 20 mm Mauser MG-151/20 autocannon produced by Germany during World War II and two 12.7 mm Colt Browning machine guns. In addition, under wing racks for two 50 kg bombs or four 127 mm HVAR missiles were provided.
The first prototype of the S-49A flew in June 1949. The first operational aircraft were delivered to combat units at the beginning of 1950.
An S-49B Ikarus had been proposed with the German DB-605 engine, but for mass production the Ikarus S-49C was chosen.
The S-49A was surpassed by the improved S-49C, featuring an all-metal construction and a more powerful engine. At the beginning of 1952, the Ikarus S-49C was introduced into the units of the Yugoslav Air Force.
Aircraft Order “Soko” started in 1952 with the assembly of the wing and empennage for the S-49C fighter. An all-metal version of the S-49A powered by a Hispano Suiza HS 12Z-17. Under wing mounts were fitted for rockets, MG-151 or Colt Browning M2 12.7- mm machine guns, or two 50-kg bombs.
A total of 45 S-49A and 113 S-49C were produced by the Ikarus Aircraft Factory in Zemun. The last aircraft were retired from RV i PVO service in 1960/61, having been replaced by more modern jet-powered aircraft.
Variants:
S-49A – mixed construction and Klimov M-105 engine (45 built)
S-49B – planned version powered by a Daimler-Benz engine; unbuilt.
S-49C – all-metal construction and Hispano-Suiza 12Z engine (113 built)
Operators:
Yugoslav Air Force
Ikarus S-49A – 46 aircraft (1949–1957)
117th Fighter Aviation Regiment (1950–1953)
204th Fighter Aviation Regiment (1950–1953)
107th Fighter Aviation Regiment (1953–1957)
Training Squadron of 44th Aviation Division (1953–1954)
Ikarus S-49C – 112 aircraft (1952–1961)
116th Fighter Aviation Regiment (1952–1960)
185th Fighter Aviation Regiment (1953–1956)
40th Fighter Aviation Regiment (1955–1959)
109th Fighter Aviation Regiment (1956–1960)
88th Fighter Aviation Regiment (1957–1959)
Training Squadron of 39th Aviation Division (1953–1959) S-49C
Specifications:
S-49A
Engine: Klimov VK-105PF, 1180 hp
Wingspan: 10.30 m
Length: 8.43 m
Height: 3.20 m
Wing area: 16.60 sq.m
Empty weight: 2320 kg
Normal take-off weight: 2950 kg
Maximum speed: 554 kph
Range: 690 km
Rate of climb: 1026 m / min
Ceiling: 10,000 m
Crew: 1
Armament:
1 x 20-mm motorpushka ShVAK with 120 rounds
2 x 12.7 mm UBS machine gun with 200 rounds
S-49C
Engine: 1 × Hispano-Suiza 12Z-17, 1,104 kW (1,500 hp)
Length: 9.06 m (29 ft 83in)
Wingspan: 10.30 m (33 ft 91 in)
Height: 2.90 m (9 ft 6 in)
Wing area: 16.65 m2 (179 ft2)
Empty weight: 2,818 kg (6,200 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 3,568 kg (7,850 lb)
Maximum speed: 628 km/h (339 knots, 390 mph) at 1,525 m (5,000 ft)
Range: 690 km (373 nm, 429 mi)
Service ceiling: 10,000 m (33,000 ft)
Climb to 6,000 m (19,700 ft): 6 min 54 sec
Armament
1 × 20 mm MG-151/20 cannon
2 × .50 Colt Browning M2 machine guns with 650 rounds per gun
2 × 50 kg (110 lb) bombs or 4 × 5 in HVAR missiles
Crew: one pilot
After World War II, the Yugoslav aviation industry was reorganized with a central institution in charge of research and prototypes, with attached a few plants of lesser importance. This centrally located industry continues the lkarus name which was that of the first Yugoslav aviation company.
The factory of Novi Sad, as other aircraft factories in the country, were completely destroyed during the German occupation. The plant in Zemun was the most quickly rebuilt and it produced the Yugoslav military aircraft.
Among these, the 452M was designed by engineer Dragoljub Beslin, considered the prototype of a ground attack fast jet. The letter M (Mlazni) means jet powered. The 452M was a stubby pod-and-boom configuration with twin tails and a horizontal stabilizer at the end of the booms. The power source consists of two Turboméca Palas 056A turbojet engines arranged one above the other at the rear of the fuselage.
The top engine is fed with two side air inlets on each side of the fuselage, and the lower engine is supplied by entries in the leading edge of the wing root.
The wing is swept and supports two beams with two fins. The stabilizer joins the upper parts of both fins. The retractable tricycle undercarriage comprises two main wheels based on the fuselage and retracting into it. All undercarriage lower forward. Only intended for experimental purposes, the 452M was lightly armed with just 2 x 12.7-mm Browning machine guns.
The aircraft made its first flight on 24 July 1953 which resulted in an engine failure due to a fault in the fuel line and heavy damage to the aircraft upon an emergency landing in a cornfield. The pilot survived but received a fractured skull in the incident.
Future development of the 452M to create an interceptor with a larger fuselage to accommodate a third engine to increase power and upgraded armament of 2 x 20mm cannons never got beyond the drawing board. The experimental jet was an advanced design for the time but was not selected for further development by the Yugoslav Air Force as other jet aircraft options were preferred and the project was cancelled.
452M
Engines: 2 x Turbomeca Palace 056A, 4.0 kN
Wingspan: 5.25 m (17 ft 12 in.)
Length: 5.97 m (19 ft. 7 in.)
Height: 1.77 m (5 ft. 9 in.)
Wing area: 11.20 sq.m
Empty weight: 1220 kg
Maximum take-off weight: 1680 kg
Max speed (est): 750 km.h. (466 m.p.h)
Min speed (est): 190 km.h. (118 m.p.h)
Cruising speed: 624 km / h
Range: 540 km
Ceiling: 9800 m
Endurance: 75 min.
Crew: 1
The Ikarus S-451M Zolja (“Wasp”) was an unarmed further development of the S-451M. This all metal aircraft was designed as a light attack aircraft. The letter M (Mlazni) means that the aircraft is powered by jet engines. It was a more streamlined design with a stretched fuselage, folding wings and two Palas turbojet engines installed within the wing rather than under them.
A single Zolja prototype was manufactured and made its first flight in 1954.
By 1960 the S-451M was now in civilian hands (registered as YU-COH) and on May 19th, 1960 broke the world air speed record in the I-C aircraft category, flown by pilot Ivan Črnjarić at 501 km/h (the record would remain unbeaten for 5 years).
The aircraft was retired in 1968 following damage from a ground incident.
Engines: 2 × Turbomeca Palas 056A
Length: 6.8 m (22 ft)
Wingspan: 6.70 m (21 ft 7 in)
Height: 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in)
Wing area: 8.00 m² (86 ft ²)
Loaded weight: 1202 kg (2644 lb)
Maximum speed: 439 km / h (284.5 mph)
Minimum speed: 153 km / h (94.8 mph)
Range: 392 km (233 miles)
Ceiling: 8550 m (28,045 ft)
Takeoff distance: 600 m
Landing distance: 582 m
The J-451MM lead to development of the Ikarus T-451MM Stršljen II (“Hornet II”) single seat jet aerobatic training aircraft of which only one prototype (21002) was manufactured and this can now be seen at the Belgrade Aeronautical Museum.
Another variant was the Ikarus S-451MM Matica (“Queen Bee”) two-seat jet training aircraft which set a world air speed record for its class of 750.34 km/h in 1957.
Utilising the basic airframe of the S-451, Ikarus came up with a new design to develop the first jet aircraft designed and built in Yugoslavia, the Ikarus S-451M (Mlazni or “Jet”). The Ikarus 451M was designed by Major Dragoljub Beslin. Basically they installed a conventional cockpit and added two small Turbomeca Palas 056 turbojet engines which produced a maximum speed of 453 km/h.
Captain Tugomir Prebeg made the first flight of this aircraft, in the morning of 25 October 1952, powered by two Turbomeca Palas jets. A single copy was built 1959.
With plans to develop a military version, a 20mm Hispano-Suiza 404A cannon and six underwing rockets was fitted to the S-451M for weapons testing.
Flight tests of the prototype were conducted at the Yugoslav Aeronautical Testing Centre until 1959 when the aircraft was handed over to the Belgrade Aeronautical Museum for permanent display.
Engines: 2 × Turbomeca Palas 056A
Length: 7.45 m (24 ft 5 in).
Wingspan: 6.78 m (22 ft 3 in).
Height: 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in).
Wing area: 8.00 m² (86 ft ²)
Empty weight: 897 kg (1977 lb)
Gross weight: 1350 kg (2980 lbs)
Range: 300 km (190 miles)
Ceiling: 8500 m (27,900 ft)
Bomber
The 2byFour
Cycle: 4 stroke
No cylinders: 2 opposed
Bore: 101 mm
Stroke: 92.7 mm
Compression: 8.5
Displacement: 1507 cc
Cooling: Air
Ignition: Double CDI
Dimension: 609 x 558 x 520 mm
Weight: 54 kg
Max pwr: 48 hp at 3200 rpm
Max torque: 120 @ 3200 rpm
Price 1998: $5250
1998:
4722-B NE 148th
OR 97230 Portland
USA
Engine builder
A low wing variation of the Zenair CH 601.
Engine: Rotax 912, 80 hp
Wing span: 8.22 m
Wing area: 12.60 sq.m
MAUW: 450 kg
Empty weight: 280 kg
Fuel capacity: 120 lt
Max speed: 205 kph
Cruise speed: 175 kph
Minimum speed: 64 kph
Climb rate: 5 m/s
Seats: 2
Fuel consumption: 12 lt/hr
Price (1998): 78 000 000 L
