Levasseur PL.15 / PL.151 / PL.154

The prototype Levasseur PL 15 twin-float biplane flew for the first time with temporary wheel landing gear in October 1932. A production order for 16 aircraft as PL 15 T2B2b followed, these entering service from 1934 onwards with navy Escadrille 7B2 aboard the seaplane-carrier Commandant Teste. By comparison with the earlier PL 14, the PL 15 had a redesigned slender fuselage without the ‘avion marin’ type hull. Power was provided by a 485kW Hispano-Suiza 12Nbr engine, and the wings folded for storage aboard ship.

Surviving PL 15s, taken out of service at the end of 1938, formed Escadrille 3S6 for anti-submarine patrol along the Atlantic coast from September 1939 onwards. The PL 15 was armed with two 7.5mm machine-guns, and a torpedo or up to 450kg of bombs.

The PL 15 was developed into the PL 151, a mid-wing monoplane with a small stabilising plane mounted over the fuselage. A full-scale mock-up was built, but no further development was undertaken. The PL 154, converted from the fourth PL 15, was a three-seat landplane torpedo-carrier which was abandoned after limited test flying.

Levasseur PL.10 / PL.101 / PL.107 / PL.108

PL.10

The PL 10 had equal-span folding wings, and the deep slab-sided fuselage had a hull-shaped undersurface. Armament comprised a single 7.5mm machine-gun operated by the pilot, plus twin 7.5mm guns operated by a gunner, whose cockpit was immediately behind that of the pilot. The observer, in the rear cockpit, had a Cayere-Montagne bomb-sight, and six 10kg bombs could be carried on underwing racks.

The prototype of the Levasseur PL 10 three-seat carrier reconnaissance (R.3b) biplane flew for the first time in the spring of 1929. Production of the PL 10 totalled 30 aircraft, and these began to enter service with carrier Escadrille 7S1 in 1931.

The PL 101.01 made its first flight in March 1933 differing from, the PL 10 in having wide-track landing gear and limited sweepback on the wings. Thirty production aircraft followed, these weighing 270kg more than the PL 10s in overload condition, but being credited with a maximum speed of 220km/h. PL 101s replaced the PL 10s on the Beam during 1935, and five were still in service at the outbreak of World War II.

Several projects were developed from the PL 101, the only ones built being the PL 107 (two prototypes) and the PL 108. They introduced a fuselage of improved aerodynamic shape, had wheel fairings for the fixed landing gear and a glazed crew canopy. Powered by a 552kW Gnome-Rhone 9Kfr, the PL 107 had a maximum speed of 235km/h, and the PL 108 with a 537kW Hispano-Suiza 9Vbrs radial could attain 266km/h.

Engine: 1 x Hispano-Suiza 12Lb, 447kW
Max take-off weight: 2880 kg / 6349 lb
Wingspan: 14.20 m / 46 ft 7 in
Max. speed: 198 km/h / 123 mph

Levasseur PL.8 L’Oiseau Blanc

L’Oiseau Blanc

Upon his return to France Nungesser became interested in the possibility of being the first to fly between Paris and New York non-stop. Raymond Orteig had offered $25,000 to the first to accomplish this feat. Nungesser engaged Captain Francis Coli to act as navigator and approached the Levasseur Airplane Company to build a craft capable of the voyage.

By the spring of 1927 the plane was ready. It was a re-designed version of a three-place torpedo carrier plane powered by a single Lorraine-Detriech engine of 450 hp.

The large biplane contained many watertight compartments to ensure its safety if forced down en-route. In fact, Nungesser planned to land in the waters of New York harbour since the plane’s gear was to be jettisoned immediately after takeoff to save weight.

The machine was painted pure white and sported Nungesser’s wartime insigbia on its fuselage sides. Named “L;Oiseau-Blanc: (The White Bird) it took off from Le Bourget airfield at dawn on 8 May 1927. The craft with its two man crew was last seen at 6:48am over Le Harve heading westward across the Atlantic Ocean. Nothing more was ever heard of men or machine.

Levasseur PL.7

As a replacement torpedo-bomber for the PL 2, the prototype Levasseur PL 7 was a development of the PL 4. A a two-seat sesquiplane spanning 18.00m which was powered initially by a 410kW Farman 12We engine. The PL 7.01 was flown subsequently with both Hispano-Suiza and Renault powerplants; the wing struts were redesigned, the structure simplified, and the fin modified. Test flying in this revised form was resumed in 1928, two years after the prototype had first flown.
A series of 15 aircraft was ordered in 1929. Nine were delivered with the 18m wing but the French admiralty, uncertain of the more effective wing design, ordered five of the remaining aircraft to be delivered with 16.50m span wings of varying areas, the final machine having a span of 17.25m.

The various PL 7s went into service with Escadrille 7B1 on the carrier Beam from July 1930 and, after comparative tests, the 16.50m span wing with square-cut tips was selected for the definitive PL 7 T2B2b. The tips of the upper wing were hinged to fold downwards to fit the lifts aboard the Beam. Ten of the original PL 7s were modified to this new configuration and 30 new aircraft were ordered. When vibration problems resulted in the disintegration of two PL 7s in flight the type was grounded from June 1931. With strengthened wing bracing, reinforced engine bearers and three-bladed propellers they were returned to service from September 1932 onwards. In this final modified version the PL 7 had a maximum speed of 170km/h and maximum take-off weight of 3950kg. Armament comprised two 7.5mm machine-guns on a ring mounting operated by the observer, plus either a 670kg Type 400 torpedo or up to 510kg of bombs. Although totally obsolete, the PL 7 was still in first-line service aboard the Beam when war broke out in September 1939.
A PL 7T transport displayed at the 1926 Salon de I’Aeronautique was in fact a PL 4 with a Gnome-Rhone Jupiter 9ab radial and a deepened fuselage accommodating pilot and mechanic in side-by-side open cockpits, and with an enclosed cabin for six passengers. The PL 7T never flew and was scrapped when the salon closed.

Levasseur PL.6

Designeded to meet the requirements of the 1925 C2 programme calling for a night/day two-seat fighter and reconnaissance aircraft, the P.L.6 C2 was a single-bay biplane powered by a 500hp Hispano-Suiza 12Hb twelve-cylinder Vee-type water-cooled engine. It carried an armament of two fixed forward-firing Vickers guns and two Lewis guns on a ring mounting in the rear cockpit.
The P.L.6 prototype entered flight test in 1926 and was displayed at the Salon de l’Aeronautique of that year in Paris. The P.L.6 was in competition with the Avimeta 88, the Mureaux 3 and 4, the Bleriot-SPAD 60, the Villiers 24 and the Wibault 12. In the event, the C2 programme was abandoned in 1928, and further development of the P.L.6 was discontinued.

Max take-off weight: 2175 kg / 4795 lb
Empty weight: 1350 kg / 2976 lb
Wingspan: 12.20 m / 40 ft 0 in
Length: 8.75 m / 28 ft 8 in
Height: 3.10 m / 10 ft 2 in
Wing area: 40.00 sq.m / 430.56 sq ft
Max. speed: 215 km/h / 134 mph
Range: 700 km / 435 miles

Levasseur PL.5

Designed by Jean Biche to meet a Navy requirement for a shipboard two-seat fighter from the carrier Beam, the P.L.5 C2b was a single-bay sesquiplane. Of wooden construction, the fuselage was watertight, the undercarriage jettisonable. Flush-fitting stabilising floats were provided to allow the aircraft to land on water in an emergency.

Four prototypes were built in 1924, the first, second and fourth having a 450hp Hispano-Suiza 12Ha and the third having a 480hp Renault 12Kd engine.

After successful trials at Saint-Raphael, a series of 20 aircraft was ordered, these being delivered between July and December 1926. The series version of the P.L.5 carried an armament of two forward-firing 7.7mm Vickers machine guns and twin Lewis guns of similar calibre on a ring mounting in the rear cockpit. Power was provided by a 450hp Lorraine- Dietrich water-cooled engine.

Max take-off weight: 1800 kg / 3968 lb
Empty weight: 1150 kg / 2535 lb
Wingspan: 12.40 m / 40 ft 8 in
Length: 8.80 m / 28 ft 10 in
Height: 3.10 m / 10 ft 2 in
Wing area: 37.00 sq.m / 398.26 sq ft
Ceiling: 7000m
Max. speed: 225 km/h / 140 mph
Range: 800 km / 497 miles

Levasseur PL.4

The Levasseur PL.4, aka Levasseur Marin, was a carrier-based reconnaissance aircraft produced in France in the 1920s.

The PL.4 was a conventional, single-bay biplane that carried a crew of three in tandem, open cockpits. Purchased by the Aéronavale to operate from the aircraft carrier Béarn, it incorporated several safety features in case of ditching at sea. Apart from small floats attached directly to the undersides of the lower wing, the main units of the fixed, tailskid undercarriage could be jettisoned in flight, and the underside of the fuselage was given a boat-like shape and made watertight.

To meet the 1924 A.3/R.3b (three seat observation and gunnery spotter aircraft) specification from the Service technique de l’aéronautique (STAé), one PL.4 A3 R3b was built.

Forty PL.4 were built, first flying in 1926.

PL 4 aboard Bearn

PL.4
Powerplant: 1 × Lorraine-Dietrich 12Eb W-12 340 kW (450 hp)
Propeller: 2-bladed fixed-pitch
Wingspan: 14.6 m (47 ft 11 in)
Wing area: 60 m2 (650 sq ft)
Width: 5.67 m (18 ft 7 in) wings folded
Length: 9.7 m (31 ft 10 in)
Height: 3.915 m (12 ft 10 in)
Empty weight: 1,650 kg (3,638 lb)
Gross weight: 2,550 kg (5,622 lb)
Maximum speed sea level: 175 km/h (109 mph, 94 kn)
Maximum speed 3,000 m (9,800 ft): 170 km/h (110 mph; 92 kn)
Range: 900 km (560 mi, 490 nmi)
Endurance: 5 hours
Service ceiling: 5,000 m (16,000 ft)
Time to 3,000 m (9,800 ft): 20 minutes
Wing loading: 43 kg/m2 (8.8 lb/sq ft)
Power/mass: 0.1337 kW/kg (0.0813 hp/lb)
Crew: 3

Letov Š.231

S.231 Smolik OH-SME

A 1933 development of the Š.31 with a new wing profile, the aircraft is open cockpit and radial engine with a separate exhaust collector ring and Townend ring cowling. Power was a 550 hp Bristol Mercury.
The single-bay wings have N-type interplane struts and centre section struts.

Only one prototype and 23 production examples were produced, and the Š.231 was briefly used by the 35th and 36th Squadrons of the 2nd Air Regiment of the Czechoslovak Air Force.
Characteristics being somewhat short of the desirable and an opportunity presenting itself to cut losses, the fighter was withdrawn, crated and shipped to Spain where circumstances were dictating a more generous attitude to the shortcomings of flying equipment. In Spain, it was assigned to the 2a Escuadrilla of the Grupo de Gaza nüm 71 of the Republican air arm. The operational career of the š -231 was to be less than outstanding in Spain, a number being lost in training accidents and lack of spares back¬ing resulting in something of a nightmare for the maintenance personnel.

The Czech-designed, Finnish-built S.231 Smolik OH-SME was fitted with an enclosed canopy.