Author: Terry

Lycoming O-235

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Lycoming O-235-C2C

The Lycoming O-235 is a family of four-cylinder, air-cooled, horizontally opposed piston aircraft engines that produce 100 to 135 hp (75 to 101 kW), derived from the earlier O-233 engine.

The engines are all carburetor-equipped, feature dual magneto ignition and have a displacement of 233 cubic inches (3.82 L). The first O-235 model was certified on 11 February 1942.

The O-235 was developed into the lighter-weight Lycoming IO-233 engine for light sport aircraft.

Variants:
O-235-C1
Power 115 hp (86 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 246 lb (112 kg) Provision for dual pump drives, tractor and pusher installation.

O-235-C1A
Power 100 hp (75 kW) at 2450 rpm, dry weight 236 lb (107 kg) Similar to O-235-C1 except ignition timing, lower rpm and power. Optional 2 position or automatic propeller governor drive.

O-235-C1B
Power 115 hp (86 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 245 lb (111 kg) Similar to O-235-C1 except with retarded breaker magnetos.

O-235-C1C
Power 108 hp (81 kW) at 2600 rpm, dry weight 243 lb (110 kg) Similar to O-235-C1 except with Slick magnetos.

O-235-C2A
Power 115 hp (86 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 246 lb (112 kg) Similar to O-235-C1 except with a type 1 propeller flange.

O-235-C2B
Power 115 hp (86 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 247 lb (112 kg) Similar to O-235-C2A but with two S-1200 series magnetos.

O-235-C2C
Power 108 hp (81 kW) at 2600 rpm, alternate rated maximum continuous power rating of 100 hp at 2400 rpm, dry weight 244 lb (111 kg) Similar to O-235-C2B except with Slick magnetos and shielded ignition harness.

O-235-E1
Power 115 hp (86 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 250 lb (113 kg) Similar to O-235-C1 except crankcase and crankshaft supply pressurized oil to a constant speed propeller. Accessory case changed to accommodate a standard propeller governor drive.

O-235-E1B
Power 115 hp (86 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 249 lb (113 kg) Similar to O-235-E1 except for S4LN-200 series retarded breaker magnetos.

O-235-E2A
Power 115 hp (86 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 250 lb (113 kg) Similar to O-235-E1 except Type 1 propeller flange.

O-235-E2B
Power 115 hp (86 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 251 lb (114 kg) Similar to O-235-E2A except incorporates S-1200 series magnetos.

O-235-F1
Power 125 hp (93 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 250 lb (113 kg) Similar to O-235-C1 except compression ratio, fuel grade and rating.

O-235-F1B
Power 125 hp (93 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 249 lb (113 kg) Similar to O-235-F1 except retarded breaker magnetos.

O-235-F2A
Power 125 hp (93 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 250 lb (113 kg) Similar to O-235-F1 except a Type 1 propeller flange.

O-235-F2B
Power 125 hp (93 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 251 lb (114 kg) Similar to O-235-F2A but with S-1200 series magnetos.

O-235-G1
Power 125 hp (93 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 253 lb (115 kg) Similar to O-235-F1 except provisions for using constant speed propeller.

O-235-G1B
Power 125 hp (93 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 252 lb (114 kg) Similar to O-235-G1 except has retarded breaker magnetos.

O-235-G2A
Power 125 hp (93 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 253 lb (115 kg) Similar to O-235-G1 except a Type 1 propeller flange.

O-235-G2B
Power 125 hp (93 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 254 lb (115 kg) Similar to O-235-G2A except S-1200 series magnetos.

O-235-H2C
Power 108 hp (81 kW) at 2600 rpm, alternate rated maximum continuous power rating of 100 hp at 2400 rpm, dry weight 243 lb (110 kg) Similar to O-235-C2C except Type 1 dynafocal mounting.

O-235-J2A
Power 125 hp (93 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 252 lb (114 kg) Similar to O-235-J2B except magnetos.

O-235-J2B
Power 125 hp (93 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 253 lb (115 kg) Similar to O-235-F2B except Type 1 dynafocal mounting.

O-235-K2A
Power 118 hp (88 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 252 lb (114 kg) Similar to O-235-F2A except ignition timing, lower power and reduced compression ratio.

O-235-K2B
Power 118 hp (88 kW) at 2800 rpm, dry weight 253 lb (115 kg) Similar to O-235-F2B except ignition timing, lower power and reduced compression ratio.

O-235-K2C
Power 115 hp (86 kW) at 2700 rpm, dry weight 248 lb (112 kg) Similar to O-235-K2A except Slick magnetos.

O-235-L2A
Power 118 hp (88 kW) at 2800 rpm, alternate ratings of 115 hp (86 kW) at 2700 rpm, 112 hp (84 kW) at 2600 rpm, 110 hp (82 kW) at 2550 rpm and 105 hp (78 kW) at 2400 rpm, dry weight 252 lb (114 kg) Similar to O-235-J2A except ignition timing, lower power and reduced compression ratio.

O-235-L2C
Power 115 hp (86 kW) at 2700 rpm, alternate ratings of 115 hp (86 kW) at 2700 rpm, 112 hp (84 kW) at 2600 rpm, 110 hp (82 kW) at 2550 rpm and 105 hp (78 kW) at 2400 rpm, dry weight 249 lb (113 kg) Similar to O-235-L2A except Slick magnetos and lower maximum continuous rating.

O-235-M1
Power 118 hp (88 kW) at 2800 rpm, alternate ratings of 115 hp (86 kW) at 2700 rpm, 112 hp (84 kW) at 2600 rpm, 110 hp (82 kW) at 2550 rpm and 105 hp (78 kW) at 2400 rpm, dry weight 255 lb (116 kg) Similar to -L2A except provision for controllable propeller and has AS-127 Type 2 propeller flange.

O-235-M2C
Power 118 hp (88 kW) at 2800 rpm, alternate ratings of 115 hp (86 kW) at 2700 rpm, 112 hp (84 kW) at 2600 rpm, 110 hp (82 kW) at 2550 rpm and 105 hp (78 kW) at 2400 rpm, dry weight 252 lb (114 kg) Similar to O-235-M1 except Slick 4200 series magnetos and Type 1 propeller flange.

O-235-M3C
Power 118 hp (88 kW) at 2800 rpm, alternate ratings of 115 hp (86 kW) at 2700 rpm, 112 hp (84 kW) at 2600 rpm, 110 hp (82 kW) at 2550 rpm and 105 hp (78 kW) at 2400 rpm, dry weight 252 lb (114 kg) Similar to O-235-M1 except Slick 4200 series magnetos.

O-235-N2A
Power 116 hp (87 kW) at 2800 rpm, alternate ratings of 113 hp (84 kW) at 2700 rpm, 110 hp (82 kW) at 2600 rpm, 108 hp (81 kW) at 2550 rpm and 103 hp (77 kW) at 2400 rpm, dry weight 252 lb (114 kg) Similar to O-235-L2A except reduced compression ratio and reduced power ratings.

O-235-N2C
Power 116 hp (87 kW) at 2800 rpm, alternate ratings of 113 hp (84 kW) at 2700 rpm, 110 hp (82 kW) at 2600 rpm, 108 hp (81 kW) at 2550 rpm and 103 hp (77 kW) at 2400 rpm, dry weight 249 lb (113 kg) Similar to O-235-L2C except reduced compression ratio and reduced power ratings.

O-235-P1
Power 116 hp (87 kW) at 2800 rpm, alternate ratings of 113 hp (84 kW) at 2700 rpm, 110 hp (82 kW) at 2600 rpm, 108 hp (81 kW) at 2550 rpm and 103 hp (77 kW) at 2400 rpm, dry weight 255 lb (116 kg) Similar to O-235-M1 except reduced compression ratio and reduced power ratings.

O-235-P2A
Power 116 hp (87 kW) at 2800 rpm, alternate ratings of 113 hp (84 kW) at 2700 rpm, 110 hp (82 kW) at 2600 rpm, 108 hp (81 kW) at 2550 rpm and 103 hp (77 kW) at 2400 rpm, dry weight 255 lb (116 kg) Similar to O-235-P1 except a Type 1 propeller flange.

O-235-P2C
Power 116 hp (87 kW) at 2800 rpm, alternate ratings of 113 hp (84 kW) at 2700 rpm, 110 hp (82 kW) at 2600 rpm, 108 hp (81 kW) at 2550 rpm and 103 hp (77 kW) at 2400 rpm, dry weight 252 lb (114 kg) Similar to O-235-M2 except reduced compression ratio and reduced power ratings.

O-235-P3C
Power 116 hp (87 kW) at 2800 rpm, alternate ratings of 113 hp (84 kW) at 2700 rpm, 110 hp (82 kW) at 2600 rpm, 108 hp (81 kW) at 2550 rpm and 103 hp (77 kW) at 2400 rpm, dry weight 252 lb (114 kg) Similar to O-235-M3C except reduced compression ratio and reduced power ratings.

Applications:
Aero Boero AB-115
AMD Alarus
Beechcraft Model 77 Skipper
Bushcaddy R-120
CEA DR-221
Cessna 152
Criquet Storch
Falconar F11 Sporty
Fisher Celebrity
Grumman American AA-1
Lucas L-6A
Lucas L7
Murphy Elite
Murphy Rebel
Nexaer LS1
Peña Joker
Piper PA-16 Clipper
Piper PA-22-108 Colt
Piper PA-29 Papoose
Piper PA-38 Tomahawk
Preceptor STOL King
Smith Miniplane
Van’s Aircraft RV-9

Specifications:
O-235C series
Type: 4-cylinder air-cooled horizontally opposed piston aircraft engine
Bore: 4.375 inches
Stroke: 3.875 inches
Displacement: 233.3 in³ (3.82 L)
Dry weight: 240.0 lbs (108.8 kg)
Valvetrain: Pushrod-actuated valves
Fuel system: Carburetor
Fuel type: 80/87 avgas
Cooling system: Air-cooled
Power output: 100 hp (75 kW)
Specific power: 0.57 hp/cu.in (26.0 kW/L)
Compression ratio: 6.5:1

LWS RWD-14 Czapla / RWD RWD-14 Czapla

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The RWD-14 Czapla was a Polish observation, close reconnaissance and liaison aircraft, designed in the mid-1930s by the RWD team, and produced in the LWS factory from 1938. The aircraft was designed in response to a Polish Air Force requirement of 1933 for a new army cooperation plane, a successor of the Lublin R-XIII. The RWD team of the DWL workshops (Doświadczalne Warsztaty Lotnicze) initially proposed the RWD-12 project, based on the RWD-8 trainer. It was however considered as not as good as the R-XIII, and another aircraft, the RWD-14 was designed by Stanislaw Rogalski and Jerzy Drzewiecki. Designer Tadeusz Chyliński prepared its technical documentation.

The aircraft was a mixed construction monoplane with a braced parasol high-wing. The fuselage was a metal and wooden frame, covered with canvas. Wooden two-spar wings were covered with canvas and plywood and fitted with slats and the stabilizers were also of wooden construction. The wings folded rearwards. The fixed landing gear was of conventional design with a rear tailwheel. The Crew of two sat in tandem open cockpits, with twin controls and individual windshields. The observer had a 7.7 mm Vickers K machine gun, the pilot had a fixed 7.92 mm wz.33 machine gun with interrupter gear. 9 cylinder air-cooled radial engine PZL G-1620B Mors-II with 430 hp (320 kW) nominal power and 470 hp (350 kW) take-off power and a two-blade wooden propeller. Two fuel tanks with total capacity of 315 litres (265 liter in the fuselage, 50 liter in the central wing). The aircraft could be fitted with a radio and camera.

The first prototype was flown in late 1935. It won the contest over the Lublin R-XXI project and the Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów factory project, but factory trials showed that its performance was still not satisfactory. Between 1936 and 1937 two modified prototypes were built, designated RWD-14a, but both crashed during trials due to steering mechanism faults (the pilots survived). Finally, in early 1938 the fourth prototype, designated RWD-14b, was built.

It was ordered by the Polish Air Force, receiving the name Czapla (Heron), but due to the long development process, it was regarded as only an interim model, to replace the R-XIII until the advent of the more modern LWS-3 Mewa. In return for refunding the development costs, DWL gave the rights to produce the RWD-14b to the state factory LWS (Lubelska Wytwórnia Samolotów – Lublin Aircraft Works, a successor of the Plage i Laśkiewicz).

The fourth prototype was tested by the Ilmavoimat evaluation team but the only feature that rated highly was the short take-off (140 m) and landing (120 m) distances which enabled it to operate from fields and meadows.

LWS built a series of 65 RWD-14b Czapla’s by February 28, 1939, out of 125 ordered by the Polish Army, 120, and Polish Navy. The Czaplas entered service in the Polish Air Force in the spring of 1939, equipping a number of observation squadrons (eskadra obserwacyjna). Due to its long development, it was not a modern aircraft, only a little better than the Lublin R-XIII. Its advantage was its short take-off (140 m) and landing (120 m), enabling it to operate from fields and meadows. Its modern successor, the LWS-3 Mewa, did not manage to enter operational units due to the war. In the invasion of Poland in 1939, the Polish Air Force had 35 Czaplas in five observation squadrons (out of 12): No.’s 13, 23, 33, 53 and 63. Each squadron had seven aircraft. Squadrons were distributed among the field Armies.

The remaining 30 Czaplas were in reserve (probably only four supplemented combat units during the campaign). Like the R-XIII, the Czapla was no match for any Luftwaffe fighter, bomber, or even reconnaissance aircraft encountered, being much slower, and armed with only two machine guns. In spite of this, they were actively used for close reconnaissance and liaison tasks. Most RWD-14b’s were destroyed during the campaign. About ten were withdrawn to Romania (there are quoted numbers from 10 to 16) and one probably to Hungary. They were taken over by the Romanian Air Force and used for auxiliary duties. No RWD-14b has survived.

Ten Polish Air Force Czaplas escaped from Poland to Sweden as the Polish resistance to the German and Soviet invasions collapsed. On arrival in Sweden after flying across German-held territory and then a wavetop flight across the Baltic, they were quickly refueled and flew on to Finland, eventually landing at Turku. These aircraft were incorporated into the Ilmavoimat.

Gallery

RWD-14 Czapla
Crew: two (Pilot and Observer)
Engine: 1 x PZL G-1620B Mors-II air-cooled 9-cylinder radial, 470 hp
Maximum speed: 153 mph
Range: 421 miles
Service ceiling: 16,728 ft
Defensive armament: 1 × fixed, forward-firing 7.92 mm wz.33 machine gun / 1 × flexible, rearward-firing 7.7 mm Vickers K machine gun for observer.

L-W-F G / G-2 / G-3

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One of the first developments of LWF Engineering was a dual reconnaissance aircraft Model G, built in late 1917. During the tests the plane was destroyed and on its base in 1918 a new airplane was built- G-2, which could be used as a heavy fighter or as a scout-bomber. Equipped with a liquid-cooled engine Liberty 12 rated at 435 hp. The aircraft carried seven 7.62-mm machine guns (four of them were installed in front and synchronized for firing through the screw, two – in the rear cabin on a mobile turret-type Scarff and one at the bottom of the fuselage).

For the first time, the G-2 took off in the spring of 1918. The aircraft successfully passed the tests and the question of its serial production was considered, when on November 18, 1918 the prototype was lost as a result of the accident that occurred during the flight in the fog. This led to a complete halt of the project.

The third copy of the aircraft (G-3) was completed in 1919 as a racing aircraft for the New York-Toronto air race.

G-2
Engine: Liberty 12, 435 hp
Wing span: 12.69 m
Wing area: 47.94 sq.m
Length: 8.88 m
Height: 2.86 m
Empty weight: 1213 kg
Normal take-off weight: 1825 kg
Maximum speed: 222 km / h
Cruising speed: 196 km / h
Endurance: 4 hr
ROC: 328 m / min
Crew: 2
Armament: seven 7.62-mm machine guns

L-W-F Engineering Corporation Inc

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USA
Formed 1915 at College Point, Long Island, by Joseph Lowe, Charles F. Willard and Robert G. Fowler.

Lowe provided most of the financing, while Fowler attracted Willard. Lowe soon secured total control, renaming the firm L-W-F Engineering, and Fowler and Willard departed in 1916. The company was reorganized as L-W-F Engineering Company in 1917.

Patented Willard’s laminated wooden monocoque fuselage, but all three left in 1916, after which name assumed to mean Laminated Wooden Fuselage. Converted twelve DH-4s to single-seaters for U.S. Post Office, and built experimental twin-engined version.

Built series of its own designs, including trainers V-1, -2 and -3 of 1918-1919 for the Army. Constructed also Curtiss HS-2L and Douglas DT-2 for Navy, Martin NBS-1 for Army. In 1919 built ultralight Butterfly and a three-engined triplane, Model H Owl, based on Caproni design. This was offered to the Army but was not accepted. Built Model T-3 for Army, 1923-1924, designed but did not build experimental XNBS-2. Company ceased production in 1924.

The company was declared bankrupt in 1924.

LWS LWS-2

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Built in the winter of 1936/37 at the former Plage & Laskiewcz Aircraft Works in Lubin, the LWS-2 was designed as an ambulance in competition with the later successful RWF-13D.

The LWS-2 could carry two plus two stretcher cases.

The LWS-2 never progressed beyond the prototype.

Engine: 220 hp Skoda-Wright Whirlwind
Span: 42 ft 2.5 in
Length: 29 ft 10 in
Height: 9 ft 4 in
AUW: 3700 lb
Load: 1100 lb
Cruise: 115 mph
Range: 320 mi
Max speed: 130 mph